Complications and safety of jugular and azygous angioplasty in CCSVI patients with multiple sclerosis

Endovascular procedures for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency are now practiced in several international centers, despite polarization of opinions among clinicians. Complications from these procedures are now presenting to distant centers. This article reviews the reported complications from several of these institutions. The results of this study demonstrate that the reporting of complication data is sparse, prone to bias and lacks long-term follow-up. There is a need for robust interventional registries of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency to operate in conjunction with high-quality randomized controlled trials in order to accurately report the safety and efficacy of endovenous procedures.